The Concept of Marriage in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House free essay sample

The very concept of marriage has been used in different literature   works, and it has been displayed through various perspectives and techniques. In his work A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen uses  the ideas of  role playing  to depict the concept of marriage in both its conventional and contemporary setting. The key characters in the play develop false traits at the beginning instead of being their true selves. The persona whose role play is nearly perfect in showing the different faces of a typical marriage is Nora. She happens to be Torvald’s loving and childish wife, and surprisingly,  is  a strong and autonomous woman. In the development of the play, Nora’s character changes from that of the everyday carefree, playful, trophy wife as seen by Torvald and friends, to that of an independent, enthusiastic, and self-sustaining woman.   The role play of the double lives of Nora illustrates the transformation of gender roles in a non-committal marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Marriage in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The character of Nora and various ideas on the concept of marriage change through the entire plot of the play. Nora’s first impression on the audience is of an obedient, money-loving, childish wife. She starts by exemplifying the conventional feminine standard of her time. Nora’s outlook of life and way of thinking revolve around her financial conditions and material wealth. At the beginning of the play, Nora is going home from a shopping trip and gets to her house with an â€Å"armload of packages† (Ibsen 43). As Torvald, Nora’s husband, gets to the apartment, Nora asks him for cash to â€Å"hang the bills in gilt paper† for the Christmas tree decoration (Ibsen 45). She pays double for the same item as she tells the boy escorting her to keep the change. Nora becomes more and more selfish and claims that even in the case something happens to Torvald after she has borrowed money, â€Å"it just wouldn’t matter† (Ibsen 44).  The author also paints Nora as being a powerless woman limiting herself through male-controlled expectations, which indicates a woman’s gender role as that of a wife and mother. In the first act, Nora seems to just want money from her husband Torvald. In the first encounter with Torvald after showing him what she just bought for their kids, she does not waste any time  in asking for money for decorating the festive gift. When asked what she wanted for Christmas, she simply said â€Å"money† manifesting a trait of selfishness. It is striking how Torvald responds to the demands of Nora as if she were a play toy or even a pet when he addresses her by saying, â€Å"my little lark mustn’t droo p her wings like that. What? Is my squirrel in the sulks?† (Ibsen 842).  The imagery of giving her money is mirrored to an interaction involving a  grown grandparent giving money to his precious and favorite young granddaughter. This ‘treatment’ makes Nora appear like a favorite play toy to Torvald than that of an equal partner in marriage. The author gives the audience little knowledge of Nora’s character and only depicts her role as that of a merely woman dependent on her husband in her household.Furthermore, the role play of Nora and the attitude to marriage change due to the events, which occur in the narration. The author develops the theme by enabling the audience to learn of a historic event involving the sickness of Torvald that was salvaged by the main character, Nora. In order to pay for a trip to Italy to save Torvald’s life,  Nora forced to take a loan from  a rich shylock  known as Mr. Krogstad.  There is a little subtlety at that time as  Nora not only got this loan behind her husband’s back, but also, in the legal process of obtaining it, was forced due to the circumstances to forge a signature so that she could obtain the money in time to save her husband’s life. It is striking that after Nora was able to get the loan, her friend, Mrs. Linden, is concerned and advises that â€Å"a wife can’t borrow money without her husband’s consent† (Ibsen 848). This issue implies that Nora is not only a complete money-loving wife who just follows every instruction given by her husband, but she is also a prepared and strong-minded person who does what it takes for the best of her loved ones in her marriage.The plot develops further and becomes increasingly interesting when the audience discovers that Mr. Krogstad is one of the employees of Torvald at the bank, and Torvald plans to fire Krogstad. The latter one uses his knowledge of  Noras forgery to blackmail her to keep his job. He does so by insinuating that if she does not persuade her husband, Mr. Torvald, not to fire him, Krogstad would expose their little secret to Torvald and everyone else about her forged signature, which would have legal consequences for Nora. Nora’s burden becomes significant, owing to her knowledge of her husband’s disgust towards dishonesty and debt and eventual fear of ruining her marriage and tainting her family’s image.  She knows that Mr. Torvald is a responsible man and will take full responsibility for her actions. The revelation of this secret to the audience completely changes the perception of who Torvald’s wife, Nora, truly is and also leaves the audience in a state of transient confusion and suspense. The love for the character by the audience is betrayed at this point, and the author suspends the readers in preparation for the climaxing characterization of Nora after expositing her secret. This secret, later on, develops a brand new character full of strength, the one taking full responsibility and accountability of her own actions and bearing her new burden, not of the secret, but of making her wrongs right. She not only becomes independent but also pays back for her debt earlier by saving half the money she was being given for clothes and is also involved in a part-time job of â€Å"a heap of copying books† (Ibsen 849). She spends years of her life paying back the debt by working without letting others know of the troubles she undergoes. The money she got earlier had not been used for clothes or drinks but for saving her husband’s life. The fact that concealing the reality from her husband was not a marriage strengthening act but a choice to face the consequences of her actions is mind-blowing to the audience, and they fall in love with her even more.  What is more, instead of telling Torvald that this money was used to salvage his life, which would forever make Torvald indebted to her, she chooses to work with the little she could earn. This fact shows integrity, determination, and the will of a character that would make a foundation for a solid marriage and family.When Nora’s role changes, her perception of herself and her husband also alters. When Torvald discovers  the debt and forgery attributing to Nora, he furies at her. At this point, Nora finally understands that she has not been herself throughout her marriage with Torvald. She secures the position on her actions by saying that, â€Å"When I look back on it now†¦ I lived by performing tricks for you, Torvald. But you would have it so† (Ibsen 885). It is clear to her now that she has been nothing more than a means of entertainment to her husband. Torvald critiqued her for her childish behavior, and Nora had clarity in her reflection that shows that her husband is not what she expected him to be, and despite her heroic self-sacrifice, he shows a sulky and cowardly desire for self-protection.Nora’s ultimate decision to leave her house asserting that she must learn about herself and get educated is perceived as a right decision by the readers. Nora is now depicted as a self-confident person who knows that one needs not to blindly follow everything he or she is said to.  She now knows that there are aspects of society and its conventional values that she does not agree with and might be wrong about. She then rejects Torvald’s offer of teaching her because she is conscious that she has to educate herself  or at least find herself independently of him. She also acknowledges that serious issues were never part of their chats, supporting that he is not right to teach her, notwithstanding the fact that he has been l ooking down upon her since met.In the end, Nora becomes a strong-willed independent woman who knows what she wants. The protagonist is not only Ibsen’s pitcher to a potential strong character in women but also serves the purpose of painting women as equal human beings to men.  Nora’s trait also identifies that there are some aspects of society which might be incorrect such as the perception that women are the weaker gender than men; even the legal frameworks of those days may illustrate this issue. The unraveling of the secret of Nora is the utter-mark of the lesson learnt  about self-realization and her character definition.  Superficially, she appears as a beautiful, fun toy to her husband, father, and even to her friend Mrs. Linden. It is only through the revelation of her secret life that they start to appreciate her more than  just  the  beautiful girl that she is. The new side she turns enables Nora to show that she has the capacity to do work, to withstand colossal issues, and to do things when she is determined. It is this secret life that eventually leads to her being freed from the doll house, as she calls it, and ultimately allows her to live without being afraid to study and learn about herself and society. Work Cited Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Damrosch, David, and David L Pike.  The Longman Anthology of World Literature. Trans. William Archer. 2nd Edition. Vol. E. Pearson Education, 2009. 840-888.

Twilight â the first film Essays

Twilight à ¢ the first film Essays Twilight à ¢ the first film Essay Twilight à ¢ the first film Essay Firstly I would like to say, I really did enjoy this film, the fictional vampires and wolves made the film really edgy and drew you in because of the lifestyles these different creatures have. However, I have also read the book and the film is not set up as well as the book. I did enjoy the whole story of the film, but I did not agree on some of the ways certain characteristics were set up, such as how the actors acted so literal. The plot of the film is all about a teenage girl (Bella) who recently moves to Forks to live with her dad, she joins a school there and has an instant attraction to a teenage boy (Edward). He starts acting very strange around her therefore it draws her in to want to know him even more. She persists until she finds out why he’s being strange. Eventually he tells her the truth and it materialises he is a vampire, his family are vampires and most of them have powers. After getting to know each other for a short time they start to fall in love, but it’s not easy bringing Bella into the vampire world as many other vampires take a liking to Bella and the smell of her blood, so there are many issues and dilemmas along the way where Edward has to save and protect his beloved human. I have a high opinion of the book due to the way they fall in love, it is so exhilarating. The way they care for each other is passionately deep and meaningful. Although the power of their love is so strong at times it feels to be too much, but at the same time it is really what brings you into the film and you just can’t take your eyes of the screen. But the fact he is a vampire and has powers is quite far-fetched and seems a bit out of place, but at the same time without the vampires and saving human Bella, the plot would be nothing but boring and him being a vampire makes it exciting because they are so in love. This has its own issues as they have to keep their passion at a distance, and have to be so careful as being a vampire tears them apart because he is so dangerous and has to try to resist drinking her blood and killing her as well as the power in his body that could crush her by just hugging. The suspense and caution makes the movie so much more exciting and exhilar ating. Another factor that I loved about the film is that Edward is 109 years old because vampires never age; they become immortal once they have become a vampire. Due to the era that Edward came from, he was so old fashioned, talked very old fashioned and this also made their love much stronger because of the way he acted around Bella. I enjoyed the plot, the fictional characters and just how exciting it is. I became engrossed in the love of the plot of this story however my opinion of the overall film is much different, the way the vampires have been represented isn’t so subtle, it’s quite literal. The way all the vampires run and jump and fly through the air seems so out of place and stands out because of how odd they created it. I think the film used the wrong non diegetic music for some scenes, such as when Edward smells Bella’s scent and cannot contain himself, this far-fetched music comes on and it all looks out of place. What I mean when I say the actors acted so literal is that the actors have obviously all read the books, so I personally think they try too hard to be like what the characters do in the book and it just doesn’t work out and looks wrong. For example, yet again when Edward smells Bella’s scent so strongly for the first time, he reacts so obviously that it looks like he’s putting it on and the acting just looks terrible. In t he film they also fall in love just so quickly and it doesn’t seem realistic. Another aspect that in my opinion seems very far-fetched is when all the vampires play baseball and when they crash into each other the sound is like thunder and lightning because vampires are so strong, or when they hit the ball it’s like thunder. However, not all of the film is so clichà ©. The way they act their love for each other is very true and is what the whole film is about, them keeping their love for each other even though it is the hardest thing to do. It transfixes you into believing the film; on the other hand maybe it was real and very easy for the two actors to act in true and deep meaningful love because they did end up having a real relationship after the first film!

Outsourcing of American Jobs to Foreign Countries Research Paper

Outsourcing of American Jobs to Foreign Countries - Research Paper Example â€Å"Offshore outsourcing in the services sector is a major shift in how our economy operates, and it will have serious impacts on the tragedy of economic growth, national security, the distribution of income, and the workforce† (Hira and Hira, 2008, p. 95). This is essentially a way in which jobs that would otherwise have been made available to the Americans are being sold out to people outside America, thus causing hundreds of thousands of Americans to remain unemployed and face the consequences. There is a lot of literature that suggests that US is bringing the economy of such other countries as China at par with her own by outsourcing jobs to them, thus creating a two-way negative effect on her own economy, firstly by depriving the Americans of jobs and secondly, by making the economy of other countries stronger and her own weaker. This paper discusses the negative implications of outsourcing jobs to other countries by US. Outsourcing is making the American economy weaker and the American citizens unhappier day by day. Overseas outsourcing is causing loss of jobs for the Americans. â€Å"Over 2 million manufacturing jobs have been lost since the official start of the Great Recession and since the 2000, the United States has lost 5.6 million jobs, or about 33% from year 2000† (Oak, 2011). ... One company that is conventionally loaded with criticism despite the fact that it is the largest retail brand in the US is Wal-Mart. The very reason for which Wal-Mart is criticized is outsourcing. Wal-Mart is accused of outsourcing the services of vendors to make the products it does business from. Wal-Mart is enlisted among the biggest importers of China in the US as it imports up to $7.5 billion from China and roughly just as much from its suppliers (Heal, 2008, p. 115). One of the most vocal critics of Wal-Mart is the organized labor, which is primarily the group of unskilled labor which suffers from the effects of outsourcing. â€Å"Economist Paul Samuelson, a Nobel Prize winner, wrote in a 2004 paper that the economic effect of outsourcing is similar to allowing mass immigration of workers willing to compete for service jobs at extremely low wages† (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2012). Outsourcing of American jobs to the foreign countries exposes the American entrepreneurs to a lot of risks. In the capacity of the importers of services of the foreign vendors, success of the American entrepreneurs is tied to the financial health of those vendors. It is not quite unusual for a foreign vendor to go bankrupt in which case, the American entrepreneur has to bear the consequences. In addition to that, outsourcing endangers the national security interests. One of the main causes of war that happened between the US and Japan in the year 1941 was the Japanese perception that her economic and industrial development was being unjustly hampered by the US as the US had restrained the supply of raw materials and technology into Japan along with restricting the export of goods out of the Empire. Outsourcing of jobs to other

Fast Food, Gender, and Happiness Research Proposal

Fast Food, Gender, and Happiness - Research Proposal Example Most of them are of U.S. origin. The fast-food nutrition system has originated due to the expansion of the nutrition industry and the globalization. These improvements have altered the nutrition habits, tastes and preferences of the individuals. Those people who have busy schedules are provided ready, semi-ready or sometimes frozen food by the nutrition industry (Ãâ€"zcelik, Akan and Sà ¼rà ¼cà ¼oglu, 2007, p. 43).   The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between fast food and gender and its association with happiness. The importance of this study is to find out the correlation between eating fast food, gender, weight and happiness. The main objective is to check how the fast food centers appeal to the mass and to explore the causal relationship between the consumption of junk food and gender as well as the impact of fast food on weight.    According to Schofield (1989), it has been observed that there are differentiations in the gender culture in context of food. The authors highlight the way the fast food intervenes in the real life experience of taking a meal. The values and principles are circulated in the mass media. When we are talking about females and food, then we may consider fast food to be the source of separating women form their identity as the homemaker and cook. Since most women are generally working in the subordinate positions in the workplaces and their ultimate duty of the homemaker has to remain intact (where they do the household work themselves or they hire a servant to do the same), therefore they very soon undergo an identity crisis. The growth of fast food centers has even alienated the women from their otherwise household activity of cooking. (Schofield, 1989, p. 138) The development of industrialization has seen women negotiating their new relation with food. Their outlook has changed with the change in the trend. The middle-class women focus much on the nutritional

Langkawi Island Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Langkawi Island - Essay Example In the eight intervening years, I have learned that tourism has begun to soar on Langkawi Island. I look forward to returning someday so that I can witness the immense progress that has taken place since I was last there. One of the most enthralling experiences that can be had on Langkawi Island is to witness the vastness of the rainforest from the Langkawi Sky Bridge. This is the perfect place in which to gain a true understanding of the awe and wonder that this setting provides. The Langkawi Cable Car provides an equally stunning view of the horizon. There are a number of stations along the way allowing travelers to spend time to take in the gorgeous views of the skyline and beyond. I myself took full advantage of this opportunity when I was there, and I have to say that the views on offer are priceless and well worth the cost. Apart from the Sky Bridge, Langkawi also has the Kilim Karst Geoforest Park, which showcases the rich wildlife that the island is so famous for. Just walking through the park gives a thrilling yet scary feeling, somewhat like the Jurassic Park film. Further into the park are many limestone caves, which are a sight to behold. Many of the caves cannot be entered by tourists for the simple fact that they must be preserved in pristine condition, but they are simply fascinating to look at even from a distance. The radiating glow emanating from the caves is spellbinding, and something that everyone should at least experience one in their lives. The southern islands of Langkawi are densely populated with tourists due to the many number of beaches on offer. One beach in particular, Pantai Cenang, seemingly goes on forever. The fine white sand allows you to walk smoothly along the beach during an evening stroll. This beach is also host to many bars and restaurants, making it the ideal spot for tourists looking to have a good time. A

Obesity in Childhood

Obesity in Childhood PREVENTION OF OBESITY IN CHILDHOOD Introduction In this assignment I will endeavour to tackle the prevention of obesity in childhood as an aspect of health promotion. The rationale of choosing this topic is that obesity and overweight increase the risk of contracting world killer diseases such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes .The prevalence of obesity in United Kingdom and other countries and the cost to National Health Service and economy will be looked into. An analysis of the behavioural change model and how it relates to health promotion initiatives will be discussed. The role of a nurse and other professionals with regards to heath education and health promotion will be highlighted. What is health The World Health Organisation (WHO 1986)defines health as a state of complete physical ,mental and social well being and not just the absence of disease and infirmity. Forster (2002) confirms that health is generally seen in terms of people being ill or well but indicates that this is a simplistic view, as being well or ill are not entirely separate notions but in fact overlap to some degree. Forster(2002) while concurring with the definition of health as provided by the WHO (1986) adds that this definition provides a positive view of health and suggest that health fluctuates over time along a continuum, good and poor health appearing at opposite poles of the continuum. Ewles and Simnett(2003) also suggest that health is determined by many factors such as Physical health, body function, Societal health living accomodation ,employment status , Spiritual health, religious beliefs and moral values or behaviours, Social health being able to sustain relationships and make friends, Emotional health the ability to cope with depression, stress and anxiety. Therefore an individuals health position along this continuum is variable but no distinct demarcation line between health and ill health exists. With regards to the definition given it is argued that health professionals interventions should focus on helping the clients ,individuals, families and communities to gain health related knowledge, attitudes and practice associated towards achieving certain behaviours. Obesity and associated problems.Obesity is a condition of excess body fat associated with increased risks such as diabetes, cardiovascular and other common diseases (Beebe 2008) and (Campbell and Haslam 2005). Like smoking eating is a complex combination of behaviour driven by social and psychological factors as well as biological compulsion (Croghan and Johnson 2005).They went on to say that people eat fast food because it is socially accepted. For example some fast foods have high fat and high sugar content and people tend to overeat them because they are the most palatable and provide pleasure. The prevention and management of obesity has been a national governmental policy for a number of years according to the Chief Medical Officer,s Annual Report 2002,(DoH 2003).Obesity has been highlighted as a health time bomb and seen as a challenge for the government as a whole (DoH 2003).The World Health Organisation,(WHO 1998) has described obesity as a global epidemic as evidenced by the growing trends in most developed countries. Obesity in childhood carries health risks in both short and long term. Marshall et al (2003) agreed with Bond et al (2004) that obesity has been recognized as a major health problem as it is linked to number of diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes .Obesity is known as a major risk factor in the development of many diseases such as arthritis of weight –bearing joints, gastro esophageal reflux, sleep apnea and certain types of cancer,(Bond et al 2004).Therefore obesity can influence physical, intellectual ,emotional and social development influencing childhood .It is for the above reason that long term eating and exercise habits need to be promoted in health and stop obesity in childhood years. Primary care should play a leading role in obesity management and prevention. The above statement is supported by the document Choosing Health ;Making Healthier Choices Easier (DoH 2004) which identified primary care as crucial to the provision of services f or overweight and obese clients. Obesity is associated with many illnesses and is directly related to increased mortality and lower life expectancy. Tackling obesity is a government wide priority .Obesity was one the key areas highlighted in the governments white paper that needed reform and the plan to meet this target was that each primary trust should have a specialist obesity service with the clients have able to access to a dietician and able to receive advice and support on changing behaviour (DoH 2004) Possible causes of Obesity .A study by Mulvihill and Quigley (2003) has revealed that age, education, social class and prosperity have an important influence on the risk of becoming obese. Muller et al (1999) suggest that unhealthy eating habits are associated with overweight in children, they went on to say that overweight is linked with coming from a low socio-economic background, suggesting that these families should be a primary target for awareness and prevention campaigns. The figures released by the National Child Measurement programme are deeply disturbing.   The fact that 22.9% of children in year one in primary school are overweight or obese surely indicates that measuring the BMI of children should begin much earlier (National Obesity Forum 2008). How childhood obesity in England compares with other countries and the implications to the NHS and ecomony The 2002 review of the white paper (Health of the nation) target for obesity was just 6 per cent for 1992. A continuing rising trend in obesity to 2010 is predicted, when one-fifth of boys and more than one-fifth of girls will be obese,(King Fund 2007) . More recently the Munich Declaration(WHO 2000) recognized that actions need to be increased to enhance the roles of nurses and midwives in public health, health promotion and community participation. Irvine (2005) reported that in United Kingdom there has been corresponding growth in emphasis on health promotion in primary care. For example the liberating the talents policy document for England (DoH 2002) identifies the involvement of nurses in public health, health protection and health promotion as one of three core functions for nurses. In the United States the problem of obesity and overweight is a growing concern and the prevalence has nearly tripled during the past decade. The economic cost is approximately 117billion dollars annually taking into account hospitalization and the lost workdays,(Sitzman 2003)In Australlia the child obesity has increased dramatically and the contributing factors include the availability of affordable energy –dense food supply and sweetened beverages that are marketed aggressively. The studies by (Kaplan and Wadden 1986) cited (Joanna Briggs Institute 2008) has shown that obesity also causes adverse psychosocial problem such as bullying, discrimination and in older children and adolescent and low self esteem. The reduction of physical activities such as walking or cycling to school and an increase in computer and electronic games has compounded the problem (Joanna Briggs Institute 2008).Simillarly a study by Jebb(2005)has revealed that obesity and overweight continues to be a serious public health problem as it is rooted in three main areas such as excess food ,absences of controlling food behaviour and lack of physi cal activity. However the studies by ( Dietz and Robinson 2005,Kirk et al 2005 and Reilly 2006) cited by (Joanna Briggs Institute 2008) has evidence that indicates that a combination of dietary intervention, behavioural therapy and exercise will have significant impact on weight reduction in overweight and obesity children. In England the rates of obesity have increased dramatically over the last decade and if no action is not taken one in five children aged will be obese by 2010 (DoH 2003)The prevalence of obesity and overweight has a substantial human cost and serious financial consequences for the National Health Service (NHS) and the economy .In 1998 over 18 million days of sickness were attributed to obesity and the total cost of obesity was 2.6 billon (National Audit Office 2001). In order to tackle the growing problem of obesity, the then Public Minister of Health Tessa Jowell set in motion a wide ranging plan of action (DoH 1999) cited by White and Pettifer (2007) which included the follow ing; Healthy school programme, living centres to be established , safe and sound challenge, to increase activity levels in children and to increase information for public ,so that they can make informed choices. The Choosing Health White Paper (DoH 2004) demonstrated this shift towards this awareness with two of the overarching principles of the policy being reducing obesity and improving diet, nutrition and increasing exercise. Role of a nurse in health promotion Health promotion is at the forefront of healthcare and the teaching role of the nurse is more important than ever (Rush et al 2005). Whitehead(2004) agreed that nurses impart healthcare related information that influences values, beliefs attitudes and motivations. It is for this reason that nurses in primary care play a pivotal role in the management of obesity. Encouraging people to change their attitude towards a health issue is an important part of any health education programme (Clark 1999). Health promotion is a process by which the ecologically-driven socio-political- economic determinants of health are addressed as they impact on individuals and the communities within which they interact (Whitehead 2004).In agreement with Whitehead (2004) , Tones and Tilford (2001) viewed health promotion as political advocacy which is aimed at representing the underprivileged sections of society by helping them to redress the imbalances in power. The WHO( 1986) also viewed health promotion as a mechanism to enhance health and to prevent ill health in order to maintain and impose better lifestyles. Health education is an activity that seeks to inform the individual on the nature and causes of health/illness and that individuals personal level of risk associated with their lifestyle related behaviour (Whitehead 2004).He further states that health education seeks to motivate an individual to accept a process of behavioural-change through directly influencing their value, belief and attitude systems . However, Quinn (2001) argues that although health education is vital for health promotion ,the nurse must acknowledge that having the knowledge does not guarantee that people will implement healthy choices and a change in behaviour. To reduce obesity nurses can engage with young people for instance routinely measuring children s height and weight in order to obtain their body mass index (BMI),to establish the level of obesity. BMI is an accepted measure of obesity and is calculated as ratio of weight to weight, using the formula :BMI =weight in kilograms/height in square meters (Hump hrey Beebe 2008).The National Institute for Health and Excellence (NICE 2006) and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s ( CDC 2006) guidelines define those with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 as overweight and those with 30 and over to be obese. There are several approaches that health care professional can implement to tackle obesity in childhood. For example the interventions and strategies can be targeted at the whole population ,individuals who are at risk , children and people with mental health problems. The House of Commons Health Committee’s recommendation (2004) that all children should have their BMI measured annually at school and that the results should be sent home to their parents or carers with appropriate advice. If fully implemented it would amount to full scale population level health screening programme that is cost effective. Health promotion is a vast subject with a variety of theories, models and approaches. Piper (2005) identified, the three models in health promotion frameworks that a nurse or midwife as behaviour change agent, the midwife or a nurse as empowerment facilitator ,nurse as strategic practitioner. Nurses as facilitators of self –help and promoters of positive health , are key to initiating change in this area (Croghan 2005).The nurses are ideally placed to adopt a public health role and can identify health needs as they are in regular and close contact with individual, families , communities and other health and social bodies (Jack and Holt 2008). The above models involve the midwives or nurses working with individual and the focus is on intervention. According to Ewles and Simnett (2003) there are fives approaches to health promotion namely the medical , behaviour change , educational , client centred and societal change. The model by Ewles and Simnett (2003) identify the needs and priorities by setting the aims objectives and decide on the best way of achieving the aims by identify the resources ,plan and evaluate the methods ,set an action plan. In tackling obesity in children the medical approach would include the monitoring of the BMI. The medical approach is a reactive and opportunistic process and is adopted where the client has an existing condition or illness (Whitehead 2004) and (Ewles and Simnett 2003).The medical approach promotes medical interventions from professionals to prevent or reduce ill health and this requires the individuals to comply with preventative medical procedures. The educational approach provides individuals with knowledge and information thereby enabling them to make informed decisions and choices about their lifestyles. For example the educational approach would include teaching the children about the importance of nutrition and exercise. The behavioural change approach is targeted at the individuals ability to change their attitude and behaviour in order to adopt a healthier lifestyle. However the behaviour change theory suggests that change will not occur until the individual is ready (Kopelman and Dietz 2005).The client-centred approach takes on the idea that people should act on their own problems. It helps client to identify what they want to know and act on them. The approach aims to empower the client. The societal approach aims to effect changes on the physical ,social , and economic environment to make it more conducive to good health (Ewles and Simnett 2003).Whitehead (2004) states that health education is an activity that seeks to inform the individual on the nature and causes of health or illness and that the individuals personal level of risk associated with their lifestyle related behaviour. The approach and aim of health promotion is to focus on changing the behaviour towards a healthier lifestyle. The stages of changes in health promotion developed by Prochaska and Di Clemente (1983)cited by Croghan (2005) are Precontemplation, contemplation, prepara tion, action , maintenance and relapse. This model shows the process through which people travel to change addictive behaviour.. During the precontemplation stage the individuals are not thinking about making any change in their lifestyle. Not all clients are a stage in their life where they want to make a lifestyle behaviour change (Croghan 2005).The clients may not be aware that there is a problem and could be resistant to making changes. Contemplation is a point where the individual may be aware that there is a problem and at this stage they are weighing up the costs and benefits of change. Simillarly the Cognitive dissonance theory Festinger (1957) cited by Clark (1999) is a state of tension that occurs when an individuals beliefs are at odds with their behaviours .The cognitive dissonance is viewed as a motivational state as it enables the individual to bring the behaviour in line with beliefs such as binge eating and may change attitude towards it (Clark 1999).Croghan and Johnson (2005) agreed with the above that the support package should begin with an assessment of client s readiness and motivation to change. Preparation is where the client becomes aware that the perceived benefits of change outweigh the costs, change is possible and small behavioural changes may occur. The Knowledge Attitude-Behaviour Model (KAB) proposes that as people acquire knowledge in nutrition and health areas, their attitudes change. Changes in attitude will then lead to changes in behaviours (Contento 2007). The next stage is where the individual takes action to change their behaviour and will lead to the maintenance stage where the new habits become established and the individual sustains the change in behaviour and moves on to a healthier lifestyle. The NICE guidlines (2006) came up with a Obesity Intervention Pyramid aimed at tackling obesity for all children. It starts by adopting a whole school approach by addressing the levels of overweight and obesity in school children. If children are encouraged to become healthier eaters the interventions are more likely to succeed if it is applied as a whole and monitored daily. This done by ensuring that the schools promote a culture where staff, pupils and parents or carers are encouraged to help each other to adopt a healthier lifestyle. The schools are advised to emphasise the importance of a balanced diet .A pictorial form of the balanced diet identifies those foods and drinks that should be consumed regularly and those that are high in sugar, fat and salt that should be limited. Physical activity in schools should be encouraged such as participate in sport and physical education(PE). Walking ,cycling, scooting and walk initiatives should be encouraged. This will reduce traffic outside the school thereby promoting healthy lifestyles. Avoid the blame culture that stigmatises those who are obese and overweight. Always stress the positive such as be healthy, get active, feel better and enjoy being active. The Health Schools Programme approach involves parents and carers since they are the main influence on their children lifestyle .Parents and carers are important role models for children and can help them to stay healthy (NICE 2006).The school based activity should involve General Practioners (GP),Paediatricians ,School nurses, Dietacian and other health professionals. The behavioural programme uses the behaviour change techniques such as self-monitoring ,goal setting, positive enforcement, stimulus control and relapse prevention. BENEFITS AND BARRIERS AND WHAT HAS CHANGED .The benefits of engaging the children are improved health, concentration and behaviour. Nurses must identify potential barriers to participation in health promotion and intervene to reduce those barriers such as (Padula et al 2006) Conclusion Obesity is a problem that plagues millions of people, and can be considered an epidemic. Social changes and the increase in fast food corporations are leading to an escalation in obesity. Diet companies are profiting from the unhealthy habits of individuals and creating a false sense of relief. The rise in obesity is a social inclination, and needs to be seen as more of a health issue, and not as a counter-culture way of life. With a decrease in obesity, our country will become more active, and current obese people will have a new found sense of heightened self-esteem

World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Essay -- Commerce GATT Argum

World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Ever since man has been engaged in international commerce, trade disputes have existed. Adam Smith observed trade disputes over 220 years ago in The Wealth of Nations. In Smith’s eyes, if a trading partner imposed restrictions on your exports, then you had the right to retaliate and impose restrictions on their imports. He felt that unilateral trade dispute settlement was the right thing to do. However, Smith's answer to settling trade disputes was shortsighted. In an era where his home country, England, was the superpower of its time, Smith could not foresee the creation of an international organization to regulate trade and commerce around the world. With the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, the world is capable of handling trade disputes between nations. The creation of the WTO and its improvements upon the GATT framework have proven that trade disputes are better settled thr ough a multilateral system and not unilaterally. The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 was a step in the right direction for handling trade disputes. At that time there was no international dispute settlement system in effect. Countries handled disputes either bilaterally or unilaterally. However, the GATT dispute settlement system was rather weak and not used effectively. More than often countries abused it or simply ignored it. Even with these faults, the GATT provided a strong foundation for the WTO to be built upon after the Uruguay Round. The United States took advantage of the weakness of the GATT dispute settlement system use its own unilateral methods to handle di... ... January 1998. "Explaining Patterns of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints." Working Paper. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. Available at: https://wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/wps/sec01/sec01.html Smith, Adam. 1776 (1981 reprint). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Valihora, Michael S. Spring/Summer 1998. "NAFTA Chapter 19 or the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body: A Hobson’s Choice for Canada?" Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Volume 30 Numbers 2, 3, pages 447-487. World Trade Organization. February 1998. "Case Study—The Timetable in Practice." Available at http://www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute3.htm World Trade Organization. February 1998. WTO, "Settling Disputes: The WTO’s ‘most individual contribution’" Available at: http://www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute1.htm World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Essay -- Commerce GATT Argum World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Ever since man has been engaged in international commerce, trade disputes have existed. Adam Smith observed trade disputes over 220 years ago in The Wealth of Nations. In Smith’s eyes, if a trading partner imposed restrictions on your exports, then you had the right to retaliate and impose restrictions on their imports. He felt that unilateral trade dispute settlement was the right thing to do. However, Smith's answer to settling trade disputes was shortsighted. In an era where his home country, England, was the superpower of its time, Smith could not foresee the creation of an international organization to regulate trade and commerce around the world. With the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, the world is capable of handling trade disputes between nations. The creation of the WTO and its improvements upon the GATT framework have proven that trade disputes are better settled thr ough a multilateral system and not unilaterally. The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 was a step in the right direction for handling trade disputes. At that time there was no international dispute settlement system in effect. Countries handled disputes either bilaterally or unilaterally. However, the GATT dispute settlement system was rather weak and not used effectively. More than often countries abused it or simply ignored it. Even with these faults, the GATT provided a strong foundation for the WTO to be built upon after the Uruguay Round. The United States took advantage of the weakness of the GATT dispute settlement system use its own unilateral methods to handle di... ... January 1998. "Explaining Patterns of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints." Working Paper. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. Available at: https://wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/wps/sec01/sec01.html Smith, Adam. 1776 (1981 reprint). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Valihora, Michael S. Spring/Summer 1998. "NAFTA Chapter 19 or the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body: A Hobson’s Choice for Canada?" Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Volume 30 Numbers 2, 3, pages 447-487. World Trade Organization. February 1998. "Case Study—The Timetable in Practice." Available at http://www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute3.htm World Trade Organization. February 1998. WTO, "Settling Disputes: The WTO’s ‘most individual contribution’" Available at: http://www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute1.htm